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Symptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease - 1181 Words

Around the world nearly 44 million people have Alzheimer’s disease, with 1 in 9 people aged over 65 having the disease. Alzheimer’s in the most common cause of dementia. Dementia is described as a set of symptoms which include memory loss, difficulties in thinking, language and problem solving. Alzheimer’s disease is a Neurodegerarative disorder and one of the most common causes of dementia (John P.J. Pinel, 2011). Dementia is caused as a result of damage to the brain through disease. These can be as a result of a number of strokes or Alzheimer’s disease. Latest figures suggest that in Britain alone almost 850,000 people will be suffering from this disease. Common symptoms of Alzheimer’s include memory loss which includes loss of both long term and short term memory. This is obvious in the early stages of the disease and could start off with forgetting a conversation or forgetting names of people or places. As the disease develops symptoms become more apparent, they often have trouble sleeping or could experience changes in mood such as depression or anger. Towards the latter stages of the disease the sufferers often experience urinary incontinence and loss of speech. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is important as it allows us to provide the support and treatment needed to help the sufferer cope, while still keeping their independence in the early stages of the disease. At present there is no cure for Alzheimer’s but once diagnosed there are some number ways toShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease1642 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder when brain cells degenerate and die. Alzheimer’s dieses destroys the patient’s memory within time. The mental functions of the brain also get destroyed when a person gets Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease is most commonly seen when the patient is sixty to seventy years old. In this research paper the reader will learn about the signs and symptoms, causes, course of disease, outcome and secondary diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis and survivalRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease930 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Kevin Arnold from the Wonder Years said â€Å"Memory is a way of holding on to the things you love, the things you are, and the things never want to lose.† Memories are the things that are upheld, whether good or bad, those memories are imprinted in the mind and cannot be taken away that is, until later in life. As one ages it is natural for some memories to fade. Loss of memories and brain function deficits that occur and are not from normal aging may indicate a person is sufferingRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease3214 Words   |  13 Pages NEU ID: 001983161 Donepezil and other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s disease Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), discovered by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1907, is the most common form of dementia. The early symptom of Alzheimer’s disease is having difficulty in remembering recent events. At the advanced stage, the signs and symptoms of AD include: memory loss, confusion, trouble concentrating, frustration, irritability difficulty in saying, difficultyRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease2317 Words   |  10 Pagesthey age and the various experiences they go through. One of the most common diseases among older people is dementia. Among the different types of dementia, the most prevalent one is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is important to look at all of the signs and symptoms of each type of dementia to see which specific type best describes a person’s condition. There is one patient in particular, Betty, who has many signs and symptoms related to dementia. Betty is a 65-year old woman who has dementia runningRead MoreSy mptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease2374 Words   |  10 PagesAs a society, we are constantly faced with negative news about different diseases and genetic disorders. One genetic disorder that has affected the lives of many is, Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s is the most common type of dementia that affects and causes problems with thinking, behavior and memory. Most of the time, symptoms of Alzheimer’s develop slowly and progress and worsen over time. Eventually the symptoms become severe enough that they begin to interfere with normal and daily tasksRead MoreSymptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease715 Words   |  3 PagesAlzheimer’s disease has long been considered as a irremediable illness for old people. According to the data collected by Alzheimer s Association(2016), the overall 5.4 million American suffers from Alzheimer s disease, and this population is growing in a certain rate for majority of this population aged 65 and up. Identify possib le Alzheimer’s symptom could be rather difficult because people are lack of the awareness of their implicit illness, which later contribute to the Alzheimer s disease. AlsoRead MoreSymptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease1006 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer s disease is a severe illness that affects the brain and leads to gradual memory loss, reduced intellectual ability and deterioration function of thinking. Alzheimer s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is a progressive neurological disorder that increasingly robs individuals of cognitive, behavioral, and functional skills (Demakis, 2007). The reason for the appearance this disease is a collection of disorders in the brain due to which its cells are dying partially. In theRead MoreSymptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease2043 Words   |  9 PagesAlzheimer’s disease. It took an emotional toll on me and my family members. I believe Alzheimer is much harder on me and my loved ones than on my grandfather; because he was un aware of what was going on. It’s painful watching my grandfather degrade and get worse each and every day. The worst thing is that he doesn’t even know who I am anymore. In this paper I will discuss certain risk factors, background of Alzheimer’s, Background of Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s disease was first identifiedRead MoreSymptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease810 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s disease As the world becomes more happy and joyful, people haven’t stepped into the world of Alzheimer’s yet. Just imagine losing your ability to do normal things you do every day and then you can’t do them anymore. Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia that causes changes and differences in memory, behavior, and how the person’s brain works. The symptoms of Alzheimer’s worsen over time. (Alzheimer’s Association 2015). All of the family members will be affected if one person gets this disease. ThisRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease1222 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Alzheimer’s is a disease that attacks the brain and can result in brain death. This disease is chronic and lately a lot of elderly are being diagnosed with it. Alzheimer’s disease can be referred to as a silent killer because once a person gets the diagnosis, they will have it permanently. Alzheimer’s Patients have a decreased short-term memory; this can result with the onset of confusion. At times, families with loved ones that encounter this disease usually have to change their lifestyle

Alcohol At Sporting Events And Alcohol - 2088 Words

In today’s society, sporting events and alcohol are intertwined. Social drinking has always been a part of the sporting spectrum, whether at a tailgate party, sports bar, professional stadium or arena, and even at home. Collegiate sporting events are no exception to this popular pastime. However, alcohol is not available at every NCAA sporting event. According to Mitchell (2015), only 25% of FBS colleges allow the sale of alcohol at sporting events. Obviously, the main concern for not allowing alcohol at sporting events is the risk of underage drinking, binge drinking, and rowdiness among students and fans. Despite this setback, many colleges are allowing the sales of alcohol in order to decrease the economic burden many colleges are facing. Several colleges such as the University of Maryland and the University of Memphis have recently started implementing the sales of alcohol for this reason. Not only is sales the main revenue stream for selling alcohol, but also sponsorship from the alcohol companies themselves. The idea of extra revenue may sound great for many collegiate athletic departments, but there are legal risks to take into full consideration. In a hypothetical situation where Dr. Mark Emmert resigns as president of the NCAA, the first priority that should be implemented by the new president should be the acceptance of alcohol sales at collegiate sporting events, specifically championship events. When looking at the NCAA as a whole, the biggest setback that mostShow MoreRelatedShould Alcohol Be Allowed At College Sporting Event Venues?975 Words   |  4 PagesResolution: Alcohol should not be allowed at college sporting event venues to help control spectator/fan behavior. Side: No, alcohol should be allowed at college sporting event venues. I. Introductory statement: The debate if alcohol should be allowed at college sports venues can be very intense. Many fans that go to these events want to enjoy a cold beverage and should not be restricted to enjoying that beverage just because they are at a college sporting event. According to ESPN.com news servicesRead MoreThe Impact of Alcohol Sponsorship of Sporting Events on Consumption of Alcohol Amongst High School Students: a Research Proposal2213 Words   |  9 PagesResearch Problem This research project is designed to determine the effects on the perceptions of alcohol amongst Australian high school students caused by alcohol sponsorship of sporting teams and events. Aims The aims of this research are to determine: †¢ How young Australians perceive alcohol and what effects sport sponsorship has on these perceptions †¢ Attitudes towards alcohol consumption and how these are effected by sport sponsorship Significance While research has been conductedRead MoreEssay on Kill the Buzz1250 Words   |  5 Pagesthe midst of the biggest rivalry in sports? Of course nothing ruins a good family sporting event like a bunch of out of control intoxicated fans. Alcohol presents nothing but foul language, fights, possible DUI’s and car accidents. The presence of alcohol only puts the public at risk at the expense of giving people entertainment by being under the influence. Having alcohol present at collegiate sporting events is not only unnecessary, but it’s more of a nuisance than anything else. WhenRead MoreAlcohol and Tobacco in Sports914 Words   |  4 Pagescommercialized, sponsorships have taken over professional sports. In this paper, Alcohol and Tobacco sponsorships will be the issue of this paper. Sports sponsorship has become an important marketing tool for advertiser’s because of the flexibility, broad reach, and high level of brand or corporate exposure that it affords, (Krapp, 49). Yet some sponsors have created an uproar with in the society, these are namely alcohol and tobacco products. These two make up about half of the sponsorship in professionalRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The World Health Organization1447 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction People in Australia are among the most prolific alcohol drinkers in the world according to the World Health Organisation’s report published in 2014. Australians over the age of 15 drink in average of 12.2 litres per capita per year which puts us at quite at a high level by world standards, even more than the Britons (11.6 litres) and the Americans (9.2 litres) respectively. Australians take pride in its drinking culture reputation and accept it as a social norm; not acknowledging theRead More3 Different Types of Sports Fans841 Words   |  4 PagesEverybody enjoys going to a sporting event. Whether the sporting event is Football, Baseball, Basketball, or even Hockey. Sporting events bring excitement to all of us, thinking that our team will win. If our team wins, we usually go home happy. Then if our team goes home losing, we get upset or sad inside. Anyways, we will always cheer for our team no matter what especially at the game. There are always those fans though that bugs people to death. Anytime at a sporting event, we see arguing, biasedRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol Poisoning On Australia1635 Words   |  7 Pageseffects of alcohol poisoning. Describing what it is, why the report is required and a specific high risk group – young Australians ages 18-24. The benefit of this report will outline the main dangers of alcohol poisoning and why it’s a big problem in Australia. Alcohol poisoning in Western Australia alcohol caused 2.85% of total health problems for Australia, Costing the medical industry in Western Australia $379,689,476.83. This includes all the problems associated with alcohol and alcohol poisoningRead MoreReport: Australian Stereotypical Contradictions Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian government is â€Å"spending tens of millions of dollars promoting Australia using these various campaigns and on top of that Australia has got Crocodile Dundee-type films that have done well overseas† (Munro, 2010). Even more recently in the event of arguably Australia’s most famous export, Steve Irwin’s funeral where his Ute was loaded up with his croc hunting gear and driven out of the arena his funeral was held in (Bryant, 2009). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics eighty nineRead MoreHealthy Abstainer963 Words   |  4 PagesLinda I choose to live healthy lifestyle by staying away from alcohol. The reason that I decide not to drink is because my friend got really drunk, almost to the point of alcohol poisoning, and I told myself that I would never drink based on her actions. Another reason that I do not drink is because I saw this girl who was drinking and fell flat on her face, and I called the police because her friend was too scared to do it because they were underage and thought that they would get in troubleRead MoreCauses of Spectator Violence in Sports1604 Words   |  7 PagesSports Safety and Security, â€Å"there are six event characteristics associated with spectator violence, including alcohol intoxication and availability, crowd demographics, event significance, performance quality, crowding, and performer behavior during duration of the event†(18). In order to come with a solution to spectator violence, it is important to identify the causes of these altercations. The most common cause of spectator violence in sports is alcohol intoxication. Everywhere you look in a

Reflection On Self Assessment Reflection Paper - 961 Words

Self-Assessment Reflection Paper I have used the feedback to deepen my learning and improved the learning product I submitted by listing and understanding what my instructor have given me through our discussion about the homework assignments. I have taken that information constructively to make sure that the paper I will be submitting is concise and sound conveying the information properly in the APA format making the submitting assignment free from grammatical errors to best of my ability. For example; the instructor and I discussed about submitting an APA style paper with in-text citation and properly referencing my paper. This discussion helped me more conscious and aware about submitting my writing assignments in the APA format. Also, the discussion helped me to organized and structure my paper given it a consistent flow throughout the paper. My vision and professional aspiration is to obtain all the concepts and knowledge about theories systems, application, and models implemen tation that would enhance me to become an effective MFT professional. By achieving each coursework components that has been constructed for me at Northcentral University in my field of study as an MFT, it bring me closer to the reality of becoming a license Marriage Family Therapist. I have aspirations of being one of best and most effective MFT, so I can better help people in overcoming their issues they might have. With the help and support of the NCU faculty and staffs, I have greaterShow MoreRelatedSelf Assessment Reflection Paper632 Words   |  3 PagesSelf Assessment Reflection Paper Yvonne Johnson-Cane Wilmington University Self Assessment Reflection Paper In the Tests and Measurements class we were given an assignment to complete several assessment tests. These tests included: 1) The Simple Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, 2) Barsch Learning Style Inventory, 3) Career Decision Profile, and 4) Winward Community College Trio Program Study Habits Inventory. As I proceeded to respond to the questions on the tests I kept a few things in mindRead MoreSelf Assessment Reflection Paper1684 Words   |  7 Pagesbe honest, before attending this class, I am very proud of my past performance and even self-definite to be a manager at the age of twenty-three, and as my boss/father would say, that I am being the right person doing right things and in right ways, though most often trying to be as humble as possible while wearing workout clothes to our small office in DTC. However, after finishing the Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS), as well as comparing the result with the reports from the PAMSRead MoreSelf-Assessment and Reflection of a Visual Learner1693 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Assessment and Reflection of a Visual Learner Marcia Weaver COM/516 May 6, 2012 Denise Corso Abstract In this paper, I take the reader through my search and the processes I went through as a visual learner to decide on my choice of instruction, online or traditional. I identify my strengths and highlight how I have used them in this course; uncover my weaknesses, and present strategies on what to adjust to accommodate them. I also analyze the sources of my preconceived notions aboutRead MoreThe Negotiations : Strategy And Practice Coursework1630 Words   |  7 PagesScope of the Essay This paper presents my reflections on the Negotiations: Strategy and practice coursework in the MBA program at Said Business School, University of Oxford. My paper will present various reflections on different themes of negotiation simulation undertaken by me during the course. This course has allowed investigating and reflecting on key drivers of negotiation techniques for me. I have learned that transparency and coalition are the core tenet of negotiation for me. For the purposeRead MorePersonal Reflection On The Social Work Profession847 Words   |  4 PagesMy paper is a personal reflection on my understanding of the social work profession, as I get ready for my field placement. I will reflect on my evolving sense of professional identity, and will discuss my growth in terms of self-awareness. I will further deliberate about my knowledge of the Social Work profession. My current understanding of the profession, and activities, tasks and roles that I may undertake in a placement situation The Social Work profession in Ontario is a complete, accreditedRead MoreWhat I Learned This Week955 Words   |  4 Pagesweek (required) Paper 1 when grading paper 1 aspect 1, reflection, in this paper I felt it exhibited a high degree of self-reflection, the writer had thought again about what their MTBI profile was and actually retaken the quiz, in my opinion it was very well done, the English used was again exceptional in my opinion and so I marked aspect 1 excellent. Aspect 2 was about originality, I used paper rater and it claimed this paper was only 80% original, I checked all the links paper rater providedRead MoreMy Experiences After Attending The Practice Of Public Health Leadership998 Words   |  4 PagesReflective Assignment This paper discusses my experiences after attending the Practice of Public Health Leadership (PPHL) subject in 2015, reflecting on important lessons learnt, the relevance to my work and the support required for my improvement. When I enrolled in this PPHL, I was not sure that I will get the best out of the subject due to previous experiences of attending theoretical leadership trainings. However, at the end of the subject, I was challenged, groomed, humbled and inspired asRead MoreThe Assessment Of Learning Objectives1182 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment of learning objectives is a process by which student mastery of program level objectives are assessed. The assessment involves examining the overall functioning through a study of administrative data, outcomes of the student as well as other effectiveness measures. Moreover, it provides an opportunity for the program to scrutinize the data collected from the objectives through learning objectives assessment. Assessment of learning objectives is beneficial to both the student and the institutionRead MoreReflection On Simkin Et Al899 Words   |  4 PagesCOMM 105-003 Assignment #1 – Reflection on Simkin et al.’s Study For more than the past 30 years, study after study has indicated that graduating university students in America greatly lack the necessary writing skills to flourish in the workplace. In their 2012 paper â€Å"Student perceptions of their writing skills,† Simkin et al. outlined a variety of possible explanations for these troubling findings. They, however, chose to explore two of the many possible reasons for this rising writing problem:Read MoreThe Wife Of Bath s Tale931 Words   |  4 Pagesbath s tale as self-revelation: Jackie Shead discusses how far the Wife s Tale perpetuates the picture we have gained of her from her Prologue. The English Review 20.3 (2010): 35+. Literature Resource Center. Web. (SUMMARY) The story centers on marriage roles and powers. Men do not want to be governed by their wives. The knight lets the poor and unappealing lady decide for them. From the beginning of the story, it shows that women have a power in their marriage. (ASSESSMENT) This artic le was

Lets All Stay In School Essay Example For Students

Lets All Stay In School Essay September 27, 2003Period 11I think that the proposal for High School education offered at home on the computer does not serve as a great idea. Students should have the opportunity to be able to interact with peers and follow the way that has provided education for centuries. Sheltered under a roof at home will not give students the chance to these opportunities and can result in many negative ways. Right now, Philadelphia has a reputation as the city of brotherly love along with one of the highest obesity rates in America. The teenage population sitting at home on the computer seven hours a day, five days a week would not help this issue. Personally, when I get home and are continually just sitting around, I tend to constantly eat. Also I know that a lot of my friends have this habit as well. Take in mind also the factor that no gym and extra curricular activities are provided. Since the adolescences are not in a school there are no ways of proving that they are participating in exer cise. To eat is one thing but when no activity takes place weight really can become a serious issue. Habits that are developed in teen years are not always the easiest to get rid of when people have reached adulthood, which means life, could continue this way or possibly end it in obesity. The academic standards in most schools have to remain at a C average and above, especially to be able to graduate from Downingtown High School. Even though the school board tries to enforce this, many students have a hard time reaching that C. If teens start to become educated at home with no supervision problems would most likely occur. Distraction from studies shows one problem that could occur. Television, the phone, online chats, and other things to do around a home should not be held in the same place where students try to educate themselves. Also, what happens when the computer does not fully explain a lesson? No teacher explanations would be available as well as other help students can rece ive from a regular school. Hands on activity and class discussions often help me to better understand a lesson but without them grades may seriously suffer. The biggest problem with having school at home would be that there is no peer interaction. Everyone needs to experience different situations with different kinds of people in order to learn and grow. For example, when high school students graduate from an at home school and go into the real world, what kind of social skills would exist? As well as the ability to interact with different races and ethnic backgrounds without discriminating judgments, if not exposed normality of human instinct would make people scared of difference. Friends also play a very important role in lives of teenagers. I do not know a single teenager who does not enjoy the time that they share with their friends. While at home students would stay copped up to themselves with no availability to social opportunities. Also with no friends self-esteem can go do wn and other problems may result. However, I do see a positive point to having the chance to learn at your house. Sometimes kids show cruelty and when differences such as disabilities occur, jokes and taunting could occur. Learning at home could also help to eliminate mental and emotional scars. Still, everyone needs to know how to deal with people and situations. As well as with the problem of weight gain and keeping up grades I am sure there would be a way to still have a child with a disability in a public school. Next time one thinks about not wanting to go to school remember all the advantages it has and what negative things can come from learning at ones computer. One can help to rebuttal this proposal by showing that there is no need for it and education in public schools is fine. Lets show that teenagers care enough about the future and the quality in which one lives.

Attachment Behaviours Essay Example For Students

Attachment Behaviours Essay Why have psychologists stressed the importance of attachment behaviours in development?Many theorists agree that social contact early in a childs life is important for healthy personality development. This is the most important relationship of the child development period as it is from this that the child drives its confidence in the world. A break from this relationship is experienced as highly distressing and constitutes a considerable trauma (Schaffer 1964). Through frequent social and emotional exchanges with parents the infant not only defines itself, but also acquires a particular style and orientation that some researchers believe is carried over into later life (Sroufe 1978). Therefore, the relationship between an infant and its caregiver and its development is one that has generated much interest to developmental psychologists. John Bowlby (1958, 1968) put forward a comprehensive account of attachment and believed that the infant and mother instinctively trigger each others behaviour to form an attachment bond. Attachment can therefore be defined as the ability to form focused, permanent and emotionally meaningful relationships with specific others (Butterworth Harris 1994). In child psychology, attachment is often restricted to a relationship between particular social figures and to a particular phenomenon thought to reflect unique characteristics of the relationship ( Santrock Bartlett 1986). This essay will attempt to examine the role and importance of attachment behaviours in development. In Bowlbys view, there is a dyadic emotional regulation between the infant and the mother or caregiver. The infant has innate signals to elicit responses from the caregiver. Conversely, infant behaviour such as crying, cooing, smiling etc are elicited by the caregivers specific actions e.g. leaving the room or putting the infant down. Santrock and Bartlett (1986) found that the infants behaviour is directed by the primary goal of maintaining the mothers proximi ty. The baby processes information about the mothers location and changes his behaviour based on this fact. Thus?instinct or a fixed pattern is the primary force for developmental change, but is transformed through social experience. This reciprocal tie of mother and infant is a state that ensures care and protection during the most vulnerable period of development. This attachment to the mother has a clear biological survival value, explaining the significance of the mother-infant interaction within the overall framework of attachment behaviour. Sroufe (1991) supports this view, he maintains that attachment refers to a behavioural system, which is selected for its effect on the reproductive success of individuals in the environment in which they evolved. Bowlby argued that different attachment behaviours, such as crying, following etc, are functionally related, in that all may lead to the same outcome the caregiver-infant proximity (Sroufe 1991). Bowlby argues that attachment, is therefore a primary process, which is innate, and is mediated by social interchange. Here the visual channel plays an important role, i.e. through smiling and eye to eye contacts. Bowlby outlined four phases of the development of attachment as an integrated system of behaviours in infants:Phase 1:- Birth 2/3 monthsThe infant directs his attachment to human figures on an instinctual bias; all are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying because the infant is not discriminating. Phase 2:- 3-6 monthsThe infants attachment focuses on one figure, typically the primary caregiver. Phase 3:- 6-9 monthsThe intensity of attachment to the mother or caregiver increases. Due to this and newly acquired motor skills, the infant now readily seeks the proximity to the caregiver. Phase 4:- 9-12 monthsThe elements of attachment listed above become integrated into a mutual system of attachment to which both infant and mother contribute. Bowlby argued that communication between the infant and the caregiver takes the form of non verbal communication, this can be eye to eye contact, or face to face interaction. He went on to propose that the babys smile is the essential catalyst that generates the infant-caregiver interaction. The interaction goes through positive feedback on both sides until it becomes a conversation of visually perceived gestures. Wright (1991) outlines the progress of this progression of smiling in the development of attachment behaviours:Begins at birth: At first the smile is fleeting and incomplete. 4-5 weeks: The smile is now nearly complete and the trigger for the smile becomes more specific. 5-6 weeks: The smile response is now fully formed. 6-10 weeks: The mother/caregivers face evokes a more immediate and generous smile than any other does. 2-3 months: The smile response to the mothers/ caregivers and other familiars becomes more dominant; with responses to strangers becoming weaker. American Psycho College Essay Paper(ii) Group C: Resistant insecurely attached relationships: These children are more likely to seem anxious or distressed and in need of contact even when the mother is in the room. This type of infant has trouble using the mother as a secure base for exploration. Upon reunion with the mother after separation, the infant may, while seeking contact with her may actively resist her efforts to comfort them. (iii) Group A: Avoidant insecurely attached relationships: The children of this group separate readily to play, and do not particularly seek to be close to their mother when alone with her. They are also not particularly distressed when left alone with a stranger. Most significantly, on reunion with their mother they show no more than a casual greeting and may ignore, or pointedly look away from turn away from, or move away from the caregiver. They do not initiate action and are not responsive to the mothers attempts at interaction (Sroufe 1995). This situation of being left alone, and then being reunited with the caregiver can be categorised into these three categories. An explanation of this is that with prolonged separation, the emotional upheaval is so great that the infants behavioural structure is disorganised, and cannot be put back together immediately. In clinical terms, one could speak of the infant as at first defending against the possibility of renewed pain and vulnerability by not acknowledging the presence of the caregiver. (Sroufe 1995) All in all the different patterns of attachment have complex causes. They are thought to develop as a response to different styles of mothering and as a consequence of the temperamental characteristics of the child. However, the classification may vary from culture to culture and the same baby may show different patterns depending on whether parents or siblings accompany the baby in the test. The practical importance of attachment research can be seen in the areas of hospitalisation, and re homing orphaned or foster children. The knowledge gained from these tests should help policy makers deal with these issues with sensitivity. Hospitalisation of infants in particular has benefited from this research in that caregivers are now allowed to stay in hospital with their babies or young children. The area of day care facilities have also been benefited by this research, as it suggests that a brief separation does not disrupt the healthy attachment bond as it was previously thought to do. However, if there is already stress in the home environment, the separation and insecure attachment may have adverse consequences. Longer term consequences of disrupted attachment are more difficult to establish; but is thought to be reversible, as children brought up in orphanages become securely attached to their adoptive parents even as late as 8 years old ( Tizard and Hodges 1978 cited in Butterworth Harris 1994). In conclusion, Bowlbys ideas and research provided a comprehensive basis for present day approaches to attachment. Research implies that there are, therefore three main characteristics of attachment behaviours: Firstly, the infant seeks the closeness and proximity of the caregiver. Secondly, that the infant shows distress at separation from the attachment figure and then relief upon reunion, i.e., displays a clear preference even without physical contact by eye contact or attentiveness to the sound of the caregivers voice. Thirdly, that the infant uses the attachment figure as a secure base from which to explore its physical and social environment (Brodzinsky, Gormly and Ambron 1979). The importance of attachment in the development of an infant cannot be underestimated, as it is from this bond that the infant finds comfort security and a base from which to explore his/her environment safely. Attachment behaviours can be seen as the manifestation of this ne ed that the infant has, as research suggests that a break from a meaningful, emotionally charged lasting relationship will produce highly distressing consequences. Reference:Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M.C., Waters,E. and Wall,S. (1978) Patterns of Attachment, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Bowlby, J (1969) Attachment and Loss, Vol1 Harmondsworth: Pelican Books. Brodzinsky, D.M., Gormly, A.V., Ambron, S.A., (1979) Lifespan Human Development, (3rd Ed.) 123-133, New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Butterworth, G., Harris, M., (1994) Principles of Developmental Psychology, Chap. 6, Hove: LEA. Cardwell, M., Clark, L., Meldrum, c., (1996) Psychology for Alevel, London: HarperCollins. Santrock, J.W., Bartlett, J.C. (1986) Developmental Psychology: A life-cycle Perspective. 294-299, Iowa: Wm.C.Brown. Schaffer, H.R.,(1998) Making Decisions about Children, (2nd Ed.) 20-29, Blackwell. Sroufe, L. Alan, (1995) Emotional Development, The organization of emotional life in the early years. Chap.10, Cambridge:CUP. Wright, K. (1991) Vision and Separation: Between mother and baby, 8-11, London:FAB. Psychology